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Joseph Paul Franklin, convicted serial killer, death row inmate, self-described reformed racist, once traveled the country targeting Jewish people and interracial.Jeremiah Lexer took his own life after a brutal killing- spree that left his entire family slain. After his plantation was searched, the gruesome discoveries of over 3. It was later discovered that in his old age, Lexer suffered from undiagnosed Bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia. Once the bribes were received, most information and evidence collected from the plantation was destroyed by law enforcement and the remaining bits were sealed. The local newspaper, The Morristown Gazette, wrote almost nothing about the story. It was a deadly mix: a mentally troubled man from an abusive, broken home turned radical racist and then serial killer. His name was Joseph Paul Franklin, and he went. 15 TRUE Tennessee Murders That Will Keep You Up At Night. List of serial killers in the United States. Series of unsolved homicides believed to have been committed by an unidentified serial killer in Tennessee. The Lexer files were officially released in 1. The Tennessee Open Records Act. Jeremiah Lexer. Jeremiah Lexer, one of Tennessee's earliest serial killers. Intentionally ignored and buried in the Hamblen County records for many years, public interest has once again brought the Jeremiah Lexer murders to light. Once a dark blemish on the seemingly quiet East TN county, Hamblen County now receives notoriety as the birthplace and home of one of America. Records show that he was a seemingly upstanding member of the community, with no notable grievances with either the government or neighbors. Beginning in 1. 88. Hamblen County Sheriff James Franklin Hayes over the next 1. These reports were considered unlinked and attributed to dangerous mountainous wildlife or becoming lost in the massive Appalachian Mountains. No one suspected that a quiet citizen was responsible for these suspicious disappearances. Tragically, it was discovered a murderer lived amongst them. On November 2, 1. Jeremiah Lexer took his own life after a brutal killing- spree that left his entire family slain and nothing but bloody carnage left for people to discover the following day. After his plantation was searched, the gruesome discoveries of over 3. The blatant disregard for human life and extensive torture tactics discovered, sickened those who saw it. Some victims were locked in a giant ironclad room, within one of his barns, where they were left to literally starve to death. Lexer also burned some of the bodies or placed them in lime pits and other chemicals for disposal. Within the basement were discovered two giant furnaces as well as pits of acid, bottles of various poisons, and even a stretching rack. The Lexer murders were covered up and forgotten for years. 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Script Interview” is a series of posts designed to prepare candidates for common questions they are likely to encounter when applying for a mid to senior- level Java. Functional programming is a style of programming which models computations as the evaluation of expressions. This article is meant to describe it briefly; however. What is functional programming. There are two different definitions of 'functional programming' in common use today: The older definition (originating from Lisp) is. Functional programming: A step backward Functional programming languages will have a place in general application development when we can read their code at a glance. In functional programming contexts, thanks to the specifics of the category used, the term monad denotes what is known as strong monad in category theory. Script position. These are questions I frequently use in real interviews. Functional programming has become a really hot topic in the Java. Script world. Just a few years ago, few Java. Script programmers even knew what functional programming is, but every large application codebase I’ve seen in the past 3 years makes heavy use of functional programming ideas. Functional programming (often abbreviated FP) is the process of building software by composing pure functions, avoiding shared state,mutable data, and side- effects. Functional programming is declarative rather than imperative, and application state flows through pure functions. Contrast with object oriented programming, where application state is usually shared and colocated with methods in objects. Functional Programming In C#Functional programming is a programming paradigm, meaning that it is a way of thinking about software construction based on some fundamental, defining principles (listed above). Other examples of programming paradigms include object oriented programming and procedural programming. Functional code tends to be more concise, more predictable, and easier to test than imperative or object oriented code — but if you’re unfamiliar with it and the common patterns associated with it, functional code can also seem a lot more dense, and the related literature can be impenetrable to newcomers. If you start googling functional programming terms, you’re going to quickly hit a brick wall of academic lingo that can be very intimidating for beginners. To say it has a learning curve is a serious understatement. But if you’ve been programming in Java. Script for a while, chances are good that you’ve used a lot of functional programming concepts & utilities in your real software. Don’t let all the new words scare you away. It’s a lot easier than it sounds. About this course: Functional programming is becoming increasingly widespread in industry. This trend is driven by the adoption of Scala as the main programming. The hardest part is wrapping your head around all the unfamiliar vocabulary. There are a lot of ideas in the innocent looking definition above which all need to be understood before you can begin to grasp the meaning of functional programming: Pure functions. Function composition. Avoid shared state. Avoid mutating state. Avoid side effects. In other words, if you want to know what functional programming means in practice, you have to start with an understanding of those core concepts. A pure function is a function which: Given the same inputs, always returns the same output, and. Has no side- effects. Pure functions have lots of properties that are important in functional programming, including referential transparency (you can replace a function call with its resulting value without changing the meaning of the program). Read “What is a Pure Function?” for more details. Function composition is the process of combining two or more functions in order to produce a new function or perform some computation. For example, the composition f . Understanding function composition is an important step towards understanding how software is constructed using the functional programming. Read “What is Function Composition?” for more. Shared State. Shared state is any variable, object, or memory space that exists in a shared scope, or as the property of an object being passed between scopes. A shared scope can include global scope or closure scopes. Often, in object oriented programming, objects are shared between scopes by adding properties to other objects. For example, a computer game might have a master game object, with characters and game items stored as properties owned by that object. Functional programming avoids shared state — instead relying on immutable data structures and pure calculations to derive new data from existing data. For more details on how functional software might handle application state, see “1. Tips for Better Redux Architecture”. The problem with shared state is that in order to understand the effects of a function, you have to know the entire history of every shared variable that the function uses or affects. Imagine you have a user object which needs saving. Your save. User() function makes a request to an API on the server. While that’s happening, the user changes their profile picture with update. Functional Programming In C++Avatar() and triggers another save. User() request. On save, the server sends back a canonical user object that should replace whatever is in memory in order to sync up with changes that happen on the server or in response to other API calls. Unfortunately, the second response gets received before the first response, so when the first (now outdated) response gets returned, the new profile pic gets wiped out in memory and replaced with the old one. This is an example of a race condition — a very common bug associated with shared state. Another common problem associated with shared state is that changing the order in which functions are called can cause a cascade of failures because functions which act on shared state are timing dependent: Timing dependency example. When you avoid shared state, the timing and order of function calls don’t change the result of calling the function. With pure functions, given the same input, you’ll always get the same output. This makes function calls completely independent of other function calls, which can radically simplify changes and refactoring. A change in one function, or the timing of a function call won’t ripple out and break other parts of the program. In the example above, we use Object. In this case, it would have been equivalent to simply create a new object from scratch, without Object. Java. Script to create copies of existing state instead of using mutations, which we demonstrated in the first example. If you look closely at the console. I’ve mentioned already: function composition. Recall from earlier, function composition looks like this: f(g(x)). In this case, we replace f() and g() with x. Order of operations still matters. With impure functions, it’s impossible to fully understand what a function does unless you know the entire history of every variable that the function uses or affects. Remove function call timing dependency, and you eliminate an entire class of potential bugs. Immutability. An immutable object is an object that can’t be modified after it’s created. Conversely, a mutable object is any object which can be modified after it’s created. Immutability is a central concept of functional programming because without it, the data flow in your program is lossy. State history is abandoned, and strange bugs can creep into your software. For more on the significance of immutability, see “The Dao of Immutability.”In Java. Script, it’s important not to confuse const, with immutability. You can’t change the object that the binding refers to, but you can still change the properties of the object, which means that bindings created with const are mutable, not immutable. Immutable objects can’t be changed at all. You can make a value truly immutable by deep freezing the object. Java. Script has a method that freezes an object one- level deep: But frozen objects are only superficially immutable. For example, the following object is mutable: As you can see, the top level primitive properties of a frozen object can’t change, but any property which is also an object (including arrays, etc. If the identity is the same, you don’t have to walk the whole tree checking for differences. There are several libraries in Java. Script which take advantage of tries, including Immutable. Mori. I have experimented with both, and tend to use Immutable. For more on that, see “1. Tips for Better Redux Architecture”. Side Effects. A side effect is any application state change that is observable outside the called function other than its return value. Side effects include: Modifying any external variable or object property (e. Logging to the console. Writing to the screen. Writing to a file. Writing to the network. Triggering any external process. Calling any other functions with side- effects. Side effects are mostly avoided in functional programming, which makes the effects of a program much easier to understand, and much easier to test. Haskell and other functional languages frequently isolate and encapsulate side effects from pure functions using monads. The topic of monads is deep enough to write a book on, so we’ll save that for later. What you do need to know right now is that side- effect actions need to be isolated from the rest of your software. If you keep your side effects separate from the rest of your program logic, your software will be much easier to extend, refactor, debug, test, and maintain. This is the reason that most front- end frameworks encourage users to manage state and component rendering in separate, loosely coupled modules. Reusability Through Higher Order Functions. Functional programming tends to reuse a common set of functional utilities to process data. Object oriented programming tends to colocate methods and data in objects. Those colocated methods can only operate on the type of data they were designed to operate on, and often only the data contained in that specific object instance. In functional programming, any type of data is fair game. The same map() utility can map over objects, strings, numbers, or any other data type because it takes a function as an argument which appropriately handles the given data type. FP pulls off its generic utility trickery using higher order functions. Java. Script has first class functions, which allows us to treat functions as data — assign them to variables, pass them to other functions, return them from functions, etc. Higher order functions are often used to: Abstract or isolate actions, effects, or async flow control using callback functions, promises, monads, etc. Don't Be Scared Of Functional Programming – Smashing Magazine. Functional programming is the mustachioed hipster of programming paradigms. Originally relegated to the annals of computer science academia, functional programming has had a recent renaissance that is due largely to its utility in distributed systems (and probably also because . For most of us, the real benefit of adopting a functional style is that our programs can be broken down into smaller, simpler pieces that are both more reliable and easier to understand. From a more pragmatic perspective, a beginner needs to understand only two concepts in order to use it for everyday applications (no calculus required!). First, data in functional programs should be immutable, which sounds serious but just means that it should never change. At first, this might seem odd (after all, who needs a program that never changes anything?), but in practice, you would simply create new data structures instead of modifying ones that already exist. For example, if you need to manipulate some data in an array, then you. Easy! Secondly, functional programs should be stateless, which basically means they should perform every task as if for the first time, with no knowledge of what may or may not have happened earlier in the program. Combined with immutability, this helps us think of each function as if it were operating in a vacuum, blissfully ignorant of anything else in the application besides other functions. In more concrete terms, this means that your functions will operate only on data passed in as arguments and will never rely on outside values to perform their calculations. Immutability and statelessness are core to functional programming and are important to understand, but don. For now, start with simple functions that return data (or other functions), and then combine those basic building blocks to perform more complex tasks. For example, let. Our graphing library wants an array of x and y coordinates, like so. We can then build more complex features by calling these functions in sequence (also known as . Functional programming can be a little confusing at first, and you. To avoid that, here are some simple ground rules to ensure that you. Remembering the rules, let. But how are we going to access every item in the list if we don? Say hello to your new friend, recursion! This is a bit tricky, but basically, when you use recursion, you create a function that calls itself unless a specific condition has been met . Just looking at an example is probably easiest: // Notice we're accepting two values, the list and the current total. For. Array(current. Total, arr) . However, in some languages (including Java. Script), you. The details are beyond the scope of this article, but the gist is that, at least until ECMAScript 6 is released. Java. Script doesn. This is an advanced topic and won. Now, instead of looping over each item in the temperatures array, we can simply write this: var total. Temp = total. For. Array(0, temperatures). If you. For example, the task of adding two numbers together will probably come up in other parts of your application and subsequently should really be its own function. Numbers(a, b) ! Returning a single value from an array is fairly common in functional programming, so much so that it has a special name, . Mozilla Developer Network provides a full explanation. Just so you know, methods such as reduce are common in most functional programming languages. These helper methods that perform actions on arrays in lieu of looping are often called “higher- order functions.”Moving right along, the second task we listed was calculating an average. This is pretty easy. This is possible because we. Pretty awesome. Lastly, we wanted to retrieve a single property from an array of objects. Instead of showing you more examples of recursion, I. This method is for when you have an array with one structure and need to map it to another structure, like so: // The map method takes a single argument, the current item in the list. Check. // out the link above for more complete examples. Now we can pass it to the map method like this: var temperatures = data. Item('temperature')). In case you like details, the reason we can do this is because, in Java. Script, functions are . While this is a feature of many programming languages, it. Incidentally, this is also the reason you can do stuff like $('#my- element'). The second argument in the on method is a function, and when you pass functions as arguments, you. Pretty neat. Finally, let. We can tally up the items in an array, get the average value of an array, and make new arrays by plucking properties from lists of objects. Last but not least, let. Remember that the function we pass to map will be called on each item in the array; so, the returned value of that passed function will be added to a new array, and that new array will ultimately be assigned to our average. Temps variable. var average. Temps = all. Temperatures. For. Array). So far so good. But now we have two arrays: // populations. Our function should make sure that the item at index 0 in the first array is paired with the item at index 0 in the second array, and so on for indexes 1 to n (where n is the total number of items in the array). Arrays(arr. 1, arr. Arr) . To demonstrate this, we could count the number of documents from the API that are assigned to a particular category, like . Fortunately, D3 has a built- in visualization named pack for just this purpose. Because this article is focused on functional programming, we won. See D3 docs for hex values. Each tag item has a name property, which is what we. We need to find each unique tag name in Crisis. NET. This will take values from any nested arrays and give us an array that is one level deep. As a first step, then, we. We want only one array for each unique tag name, so let. Fortunately, an Underscore. Names. Unique = . As I mentioned, these concepts can be challenging at first, but resist the temptation to hammer out for loops for the rest of your life. Within a few weeks of using functional programming techniques, you. Once your data has been formatted correctly, you. Best Engineering Power. Chemical Engineering Visio Stencil AggieChemE (Chemical). 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